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FRANCIA, the Franks, France, Burgundy, Italy, Germany. Watch Inside Man Torent Free. Kings and Emperors of the Franks,France, Burgundy, Italy, and Germany.

Introduction. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, and the occupation of much of Gaul by the Franks, Roman power never returned far enough to come into conflict with the Frankish kingdom (except, to an extent, in the South of Italy). Instead, as the advent of Islâm permanently ended the possibility of further Roman revival, when Pope Stephen III met Pepin the Short (7. Lombards, we get a passing of the torch from Constantinople to the Franks.

By 7. 74, the Franks were virtually the only organized Christian kingdom between Islâm in Spain, the pagan powers to the east and north, and Romania - - the remaining Roman Empire, now Greek in character - - to the southeast. The core of Christian Western Europe thus became Francia. While forms of this name, from Francia in Spanish to France in French, have settled on what was originally West Francia - - Francia Occidentalis - - German allows a differentiation, with Frankenreich, the "Kingdom of the Franks," for the full extent of the Carolingian state, and Frankreich for the modern France.

In English, where "France" is also used for modern France, "Francia" may be used without ambiguity for Frankenreich and for the greater Periphery of Francia. Indeed, to many beyond Francia the Franks now were all the Western European states as far as ran the writ of the Pope and the use of the Latin language.

In Greek, the Franks are the , Phrangoi. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus even refers to the empire of Charlemagne as , "Great Francia." Liutprand of Cremona (c. Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas "made fun of the Franks - - under which name he understood both the Latins and the Germanic [peoples]," Ex Francis, quo nomine tam Latinos quam Teutones comprehendit, ludum habuit [Liudprandi Legatio, XXXIII, 2. The words for "European" in Arabic, al- 'Ifranj, , "the Franks," 'Ifranjî, , "a Frank, Frankish, European," and Persian, farangi, , preserve the word - - as does even Thai, , fàràng, and Laotian, , farang or falang, "foreign, European, Caucasian" or just "French." In these terms, it should be remembered that Muslim sources distinguished between Franks and , ar- Rûm, i.

Romans - - the Christians (such as Constantine VII and Nicephorus Phocas) of the surviving Roman Empire. But as Romania faded from memory, all Europeans became "Franks." The word "Frank" even appears in Ming China, with the arrival of the Portuguese, as .

Initially, Christians and Jews coming to China where grouped with the , meaning Turks, Uighurs, and Chinese Muslims. In European languages, "frank" can mean open, forthright, and sincere, i. Frank. It also can mean "free," as in the "franking" privilege of sending free mail, or as in "franchise," which is the grant of some privilege or immunity. Frankish" - - Latin "Franciscus," masculine, and "Francisca," feminine - - also occurs as a very common given name in Western European languages, from "Francesco/Francesca" in Italian. Francisco/Francisca" in Spanish, and "François/Françoise" in French, to "Francis/Frances" in English, etc. The English abbreviation for "Francis" is, indeed, "Frank" - - a name that has retained a strong masculine tone even when "Francis" itself has begun to seem effeminate (probably because "Francis" and "Frances" have an identical modern pronunciation).

In two of the Star Trek series, Star Trek, the Next Generation and Deep Space Nine, we encounter extraterrestrials called the "Ferengi," a word which looks like the Hindi, , version of the Persian . Since the Ferengi are obsessed with profit and under no scruple to only obtain it honestly, the use of the term may refect the leftist and anti- capitalist ideology of the Star Trek series - - not to mention an attendant cultural self- hatred on the part of the producers or writers. Comparing Francia of Charlemagne's day to Romania, i. Roman Empire around Constantinople, usually called the "Byzantine" Empire by historians, it is noteworthy that while the cultural and religious center of the West is at Rome, that City would never again be the actual political capital of Western Europe. Indeed, the Popes ruled their own little domain, the Papal States, and prevented the unification of Italy until the 1.

While they then wielded much influence in the West, and they wanted to install and dispose of secular rulers at their whim, it was only rarely that Papal political power amounted to much. Although it was sometimes used to humble even the Kings of England and France, and the German Emperor, its power drained quickly when overused. After Philip IV of France sent a gang of thuggish operatives to kidnap and rough up Pope Boniface VIII in his own palace, the Papal leviathan seemed to deflate like a punctured balloon. Meanwhile, Constantinople was a real capital, with resident Emperors of legally absolute power. The Western Emperor, elected by German princes who became increasingly sovereign, the non- resident ruler of increasingly detached and uncontrollable states like Italy and Burgundy. Emperor by Papal coronation, with all its expressed and implied conditions, not surprisingly was soon shown to be wielding a fatally compromised and fading form of power. In the treatment here, "Francia" will mean all of Europe that in the Mediaeval period was subject to the Roman Catholic Church, with its Latin liturgy, headed by the Pope, the Bishop of Rome.

The Schism of 1. 05. Latin Church from the Orthodox Churches of the East.) Since the Pope retained the right to crown Emperors in the area subject to his Church, the Emperors in Charlemagne's line retained an implicit primacy, if not sovereignty, over all of Roman Catholic Europe, however little actual authority they may have exercised. For many centuries, Latin was the principal, sometimes the only, written language over an area, "greater" Francia, that came to stretch from Norway to Portugal and from Iceland to Catholic parts of the Ukraine. A Swede like Karl von Linné would be known by a Latinized name as Carolus Linnaeus, a Pole like Mikolaj Kopernik as Nicolaus Copernicus, and an Italian like Christoforo Columbo (Cristóbal Colón in Spanish) as Christophorus(- er) Columbus. These men were even, significantly, figures getting into the modern period, not of the deep Middle Ages.

One consequence of the dominance of Latin was the universal use of the Latin alphabet, and the borrowing of Latin vocabulary for vernacular languages from Norwegian to Hungarian. In an age when alphabets went with religions, the only exception to this was the use of the Hebrew alphabet to write Spanish (Ladino) and German (Yiddish) by European Jews.

Islâm was not tolerated in Mediaeval Francia, except in unusual circumstances, mainly in Spain and Sicily. The alphabet that had been developed to write Gothic disappeared with its language.

The old Runic alphabet also largely disappeared with the Christianization of Germany and Scandinavia, though its values were not forgotten. The use of Latin and its alphabet contrasts with the official use of Greek and its alphabet in Romania (together with other special alphabets, like Armenian) and the use of the Cyrillic alphabet in Russia.

Today, the cultural predominance of Europe has led to the use of the Latin alphabet for many languages around the world, including Indonesian/Malaysian (Malay), Vietnamese, Hawaiian, Samoan, languages in Africa like Swahili, and many others. World languages with their own traditional writing, like Chinese and Japanese, use Romanization extensively, both officially and unofficially. Watch The Sadness Download Full on this page. Watch The Thompsons Download on this page. The use of the Latin alphabet in Francia often goes along with languages, the Romance languages, that are themselves descended from Latin, like Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian.

On the other hand, Francia was the result of the West Roman Empire collapsing under the inroads of Germans and then of a new identity being formulated by the Germanic Franks.